减氮配施有机肥对滴灌春小麦花后同化物转运和籽粒灌浆特性的影响

【目的】研究减氮条件下新疆滴灌小麦高产高效的调控途径,分析滴灌春小麦花后同化物转运和籽粒灌浆特性的调控效应,为新疆滴灌春小麦的高产优质栽培提供科学依据。【方法】设置不同减氮配施有机肥处理,采用裂区设计,氮素为主区,品种为副区;于2019年在田间滴灌条件下设置7种减氮配施有机肥水平(N_CK、N₅、N₁₀、N₁₅、N₂₀、N₂₅、N₀),比较分析不同减氮配施有机肥处理条件下,强筋小麦新春38号和中筋小麦新春49号的花后同化物转运及籽粒灌浆特性的变化。【结果】在灌浆期内,花后干物质(茎、叶)随灌浆期推进呈先升后降趋势,峰值出现在花后14 d,而穗干物质则呈逐渐增大的变化。随减氮配施有机肥程度增加,2个品种的花后干物质积累、花后干物质转移率、花后贡献率、粒重及灌浆各参数均呈现先增后减的趋势,在N₁₅处理下各指标均达到最优值,N₁₅>N₂₀>N₂₅>N₁₀>N₅>N_CK>N₀。2个品种的快速累积持续时间(t₂~t₁)、平均灌浆速率(V_mean)、最大灌浆速率(V_max)与粒重间均存在显著关系,且平均灌浆速率与粒重间的直接效应最大,2个品种的直接通径系数为1.034 7和0.957 3。在N₁₅处理下, V_mean相比其它处理分别增长了1.92%～30.58%(新春38号),1.02%～27.93%(新春49号)。【结论】在减氮配施有机肥处理下,以N₁₅处理(85%N+15%有机肥)的花后干物质积累量、花后转运率及贡献率最高,籽粒粒重最高,与之相关的灌浆各参数表现最优,即N₁₅处理为最优配比组合。     

新型腐植酸有机肥对马铃薯茎基腐病的防效

马铃薯茎基腐病是影响马铃薯生产的重要病害,目前尚未有效的综合防控措施。试验的目的是通过新型腐植酸肥料与同等养分配方化肥的田间比较试验,探讨新型腐植酸有机肥对马铃薯茎基腐病预防效果。结果表明,5~15 g壤动FT/100 kg种薯配合腐植酸肥料对马铃薯生长发育安全,在出苗率、苗高、单株根数、最大根长、芽长分别优于配方化肥1.0~2.9个百分点、1.2~4.1 cm、1.1~5.2条、1.2~2.6 cm、0.3~1.1 cm;在单株薯重、平均单薯重、商品薯率、小区产量分别高于配方化肥66.7~394.4 g、4.6~12.1 g、4.3~11.4个百分点、12.23~83.46 kg/30.8m²;对主茎、匍匐茎、块茎基腐防效分别达78.29%~87.24%、75.62%~88.51%、72.05%~86.98%,增产效果达11.60%~79.12%。研究为开展农业技术防治马铃薯茎基腐病提供了新方法,对制定综合防治技术体系具有重要指导意义。     

土壤有机碳对沼渣或牛粪施用后温室气体排放潜力的影响—盆栽试验结果

A change in the European Union energy policy has markedly promoted the expansion of biogas production.Consequently,large amounts of nutrient-rich residues are being used as organic fertilizers.In this study,a pot experiment was conducted to simulate the high-risk situation of enhanced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions following organic fertilizer application in energy maize cultivation.We hypothesized that cattle slurry application enhanced CO2 and N2O fluxes compared to biogas digestate because of the overall higher carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) input,and that higher levels of CO2 and N2O emissions could be expected by increasing soil organic C (SOC) and N contents.Biogas digestate and cattle slurry,at a rate of 150 kg NH4+-N ha-1,were incorporated into 3 soil types with low,medium,and high SOC contents (Cambisol,Mollic Gleysol,and Sapric Histosol,termed Clow,Cmedium,and Chigh,respectively).The GHG exchange (CO2,CH4,and N2O) was measured on 5 replicates over a period of 22 d using the closed chamber technique.The application of cattle slurry resulted in significantly higher CO2 and N2O fluxes compared to the application of biogas digestate.No differences were observed in CH4 exchange,which was close to zero for all treatments.Significantly higher CO2 emissions were observed in Chigh compared to the other two soil types,whereas the highest N2O emissions were observed in Cmedium.Thus,the results demonstrate the importance of soil type-adapted fertilization with respect to changing soil physical and environmental conditions.     

氮磷减量与液体有机肥配施对膜下滴灌棉田土壤养分的影响

以新疆膜下滴灌棉田为试材,研究氮磷减量与液体有机肥配施对膜下滴灌棉田土壤养分的影响。试验设11个处理:(1)常规施肥(NP);(2)80%常规施肥(80%NP);(3)80%常规施肥+低量氨基酸有机肥(80%NP+LAA);(4)80%常规施肥+中量氨基酸有机肥(80%NP+MAA);(5)80%常规施肥+高量氨基酸有机肥(80%NP+HAA);(6)80%常规施肥+低量黄腐酸有机肥(80%NP+LFA);(7)80%常规施肥+中量黄腐酸有机肥(80%NP+MFA);(8)80%常规施肥+高量黄腐酸有机肥(80%NP+HFA);(9)80%常规施肥+低量沼液有机肥(80%NP+LBS);(10)80%常规施肥+中量沼液有机肥(80%NP+MBS);(11)80%常规施肥+高量沼液有机肥(80%NP+HBS);分别在蕾期、花期、成熟期采集0～20、20～40 cm土层土壤,测定土壤pH值、有机质、氮、磷、钾等有效养分含量。研究结果表明:(1)蕾期时,80%常规施肥配施高量黄腐酸、沼液有机肥显著降低了0～20 cm土层土壤pH值,并对提高土壤速效氮、速效磷含量效果最好。(2)花期时,80%常规施肥配施高量沼液有机肥对提高0～20 cm土层土壤有机质、速效磷含量效果最好。(3)成熟期时,80%常规施肥配施高量沼液有机肥对降低0～20 cm土层土壤pH值、提高土壤有机质含量效果最好。综上所述,新疆滴灌棉田应用80%常规施肥配施高量沼液有机肥效果最好,是新疆滴灌棉田提高土壤肥力和肥料利用率的有效途径。     

有机肥对酿酒葡萄土壤微生物、酶活性及产量的影响

为明确施用不同有机肥对土壤有机质、酶活性和微生物以及酿酒葡萄产量的影响,采用田间小区设计,以5 a生赤霞珠酿酒葡萄为试验材料,研究不同有机肥对土层0～20、20～40 cm和40～60 cm中土壤有机质、酶活性和微生物的影响。以不施用有机肥为对照(CK),设置沼渣(BR)、羊粪有机肥(SMOF)、牛粪有机肥(CMOF)、猪粪有机肥(PMOF)、牛粪+沼渣有机肥(CMOF+BR)5个处理进行大田试验。结果表明:不同有机肥施用后与CK相比,土壤有机质增加6.79%～44.97%,土壤微生物碳增加19.78%～91.53%,微生物氮增加2.22倍～3.93倍,碱性磷酸酶增加57.78%～512.55%,过氧化氢酶增加53.45%～240.48%,增产15.12%～46.89%。不同土层施用牛粪有机肥相对于其它有机肥处理土壤有机质含量增长8.49%～33.29%;土壤中微生物碳、氮的含量分别增加5.30%～42.46%和6.12%～49.65%;碱性磷酸酶增大8.01%～184.63%,过氧化氢酶增加5.14%～84.27%,脲酶提高25.58%～410.70%,蔗糖酶升高6.00%～107.65%;微生物总数增多5.99%～56.56%。施用牛粪有机肥相比较其它有机肥增产7.08%～27.60%。说明在宁夏地区施用有机肥可有效提高土壤有机质的含量,增加微生物的数量,增加土壤酶活性,促进酿酒葡萄的生长发育,提高产量,其中以牛粪效果最为显著。     

生物有机肥部分替代化肥对莴笋生长、产量及品质的影响

为了改善因化肥过量施用导致的蔬菜品质下降、肥料利用率降低和环境污染等问题,通过化肥减量配施生物有机肥,探讨菜田减肥潜力和生物有机肥增效作用。采用随机区组试验,研究不同施肥处理对莴笋产量、品质、光合特性及肥料贡献率的影响。试验共设置6个施肥处理:不施肥(CK1)、100%常规施肥(CK2)、80%常规施肥+200 kg·667m~(-2)生物有机肥(T1)、80%常规施肥+400 kg·667m~(-2)生物有机肥(T2)、70%常规施肥+400 kg·667m~(-2)生物有机肥(T3)、70%常规施肥+200 kg·667m~(-2)生物有机肥(T4)。结果表明:生物有机肥部分替代化肥可使莴笋的株高、茎长及茎粗不同程度的增加,其中T2效果最优;在相同的生物有机肥施用量下,化肥减施20%较减施30%有助于根系的生长和根系活力的增强;T2处理莴笋叶绿素总量分别比CK1处理和CK2处理提高17.32%和1.74%;T2处理的净光合速率和蒸腾速率最高,分别高于其他处理6.90%～49.35%和6.26%～58.64%;与CK2相比, T1、T2、T3和T4分别增产4.76%、15.31%、11.06%和4.11%,其中T2产量最高,达8 277.00 kg·667m~(-2),其经济效益比CK2增长11.64%;化肥减施并配施生物有机肥的处理肥料贡献率均显著高于CK2处理, 100%常规施肥供大于求,供需平衡破坏,导致肥料的浪费;随着化肥用量的减少,莴笋硝酸盐含量降低, T3处理降低幅度最大,茎、叶中硝酸盐含量较CK2分别降低26.53%和20.96%;配施生物有机肥可提高莴笋茎、叶中可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和维生素C的含量,其中配施400 kg·667m~(-2)时效果更优。化肥减施20%的条件下配施400 kg·667m~(-2)生物有机肥可增强莴笋叶片光合能力,提高产量和改善可食用部分品质,是实现肥料资源合理配置的良好施肥模式。     

放牧对土壤理化性状及植被多样性的影响

放牧是家畜饲养方式之一,是草地最简单而又有效的利用方式,但放牧中的家畜家禽通过采食牧草、践踏土壤和牧草以及粪便排泄影响着草地植被和土壤,不同的强度的放牧对地下土壤与地上植被的影响不同,本文综述了近几年来放牧对地下部土壤有机质、氮、磷、钾,土壤容重、有机碳以及微生物多样性的影响,对植被多样性及草群成分的影响等,旨在为今后家畜放牧行为研究以及放牧科学研究提供理论依据。     

不同土层复配方案对土壤水稳性团聚体及有机质的影响

为探究“治沟造地”重大工程项目（GLCP）中新增耕地快速改良的方法，达到营造良好土壤、提升新增耕地生产能力的目的，以延安羊圈沟流域的GLCP为背景，利用马兰黄土（ML）和红黏土（RC）对新造耕地0~30 cm土层进行复配试验。结果表明：当RC为20 cm、ML为10 cm（T3处理）时，复配层土壤孔隙度较对照处理增加了16.7%，容重下降了11.1%。与对照组相比，T3处理0~10、10~20、20~30 cm土层中>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量（W_0.25）显著增加，分别增加了11.8、12.3倍和27.9倍；T2（RC为25 cm、ML为5 cm）、T3处理更利于大团聚体的形成，较对照组除在0.25~0.5、0.5~1 mm的粒级有较大增加外，在2~5 mm和>5 mm粒径范围也有明显增加。0~20 cm土层中，即使在考虑对照组前期土壤有机质积累的情况下，T3处理的土壤有机质也与对照组相近甚至更高，且高于其他试验组，表现出更好的有机质赋存能力。T3处理的玉米生长状况较好，其地上生物量最高，较对照组提高了23.9%。研究表明，当复配土壤RC为20 cm、ML为10 cm时，土壤具有最佳的性状和生产力。试验初步证明土层复配是一种可行的快速营造高质量土壤的方法，该方法可为GLCP新造地的改良及类似土地整治工程的实施提供实践参考。     

Novel soil quality indicators for the evaluation of agricultural management practices: a biological perspective

Developments in soil biology and in methods to characterize soil organic carbon can potentially deliver novel soil quality indicators that can help identify management practices able to sustain soil productivity and environmental resilience. This work aimed at synthesizing results regarding the suitability of a range of soil biological and biochemical properties as novel soil quality indicators for agricultural management. The soil properties, selected through a published literature review, comprised different labile organic carbon fractions [hydrophilic dissolved organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC), hot water extractable carbon and particulate organic matter carbon], soil disease suppressiveness measured using a Pythium-Lepidium bioassay, nematode communities characterized by amplicon sequencing and qPCR, and microbial community level physiological profiling measured with MicroResp^TM. Prior studies tested the sensitivity of each of the novel indicators to tillage and organic matter addition in ten European long-term field experiments (LTEs) and assessed their relationships with pre-existing soil quality indicators of soil functioning. Here, the results of these previous studies are brought together and interpreted relative to each other and to the broader body of literature on soil quality assessment. Reduced tillage increased carbon availability, disease suppressiveness, nematode richness and diversity, the stability and maturity of the food web, and microbial activity and functional diversity. Organic matter addition played a weaker role in enhancing soil quality, possibly due to the range of composition of the organic matter inputs used in the LTEs. POXC was the indicator that discriminated best between soil management practices, followed by nematode indices based on functional characteristics. Structural equation modeling shows that POXC has a central role in nutrient retention/supply, carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, erosion control and disease regulation/suppression. The novel indicators proposed here have great potential to improve existing soil quality assessment schemes. Their feasibility of application is discussed and needs for future research are outlined.     

基于能值分析京郊蔬菜不同生产经营方式的生态经济可持续性评价

利用能值理论和经济投入、产出分析方法,对北京郊区农户常规种植、企业常规种植和企业有机种植3种大棚蔬菜的生态经济可持续性进行研究。结果表明:在能值评价方面,企业有机种植模式能值年总投入为6.81×10~(16)sej/hm~2,低于农户常规种植模式(1.19×10~(17)sej/hm~2)和企业常规种植模式(8.53×10~(16)sej/hm~2);能值投资率为44.20,分别是农户常规种植和企业常规种植模式的2.41和3.81;环境负载率为2.14,低于农户常规种植模式(3.76)与企业常规种植模式(6.29);可持续发展指数为0.48,高于农户常规种植模式的0.28和企业常规种植模式的0.19。在经济方面,企业有机种植模式的利润(1.45×10~6元/hm~2)高于农户常规种植模式(3.34×10~5元/hm~2)和企业常规种植模式(负利润)。综合能值与经济2个方面,企业有机种植模式是京郊大棚蔬菜的3种模式中生态经济可持续性最优的模式。